Living and testamentary trusts - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2181 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Answer The subject matter contained in this question emanates from the study of living and testamentary trusts. A living trust or trust inter vivos trust can be defined as a declaration made by a Settlor, during his/her life-time, to transfer some interest in real or personal property to a trustee to hold in favour of a beneficiary or beneficiaries[1]. A will on the other hand is primarily a document, legal in nature, which purports to speak from the death of the Testator, through which he/she transfers an interest in their real or personal property to persons named as trustees, to hold in favour of a singular or multiple beneficiaries[2]. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Living and testamentary trusts" essay for you Create order Due to the unique nature of trusts and the gravity of the obligations they can confer on an individual, there are elements to which a trust must conform to be validly constituted. Firstly, there must be certainty of subject matter which includes certainty of the trust property and certainty of the beneficial interest[3] In general, the trust must allow for the property to be properly identified and must also be clear on how the property should be distributed among the beneficiaries of the trust. Secondly, there must be a clear intention on the part of the Settlor to vest an interest in property in favour of the beneficiary through the creation of the trust[4]. This may be evidenced by some express or manifested act by which he/she shows that there is an irrevocable intention to create a trust such as the execution of a will or deed of gift transferring the property to their trustees to hold in favour of the beneficiary. However, the Settlor does not always need to transfer any int erest in the property for a trust to be validly constituted this is especially so in the case of an inter vivos trust where the Settlor can maintain and enjoy the benefits of the property for their lifetime and even nominate themselves as trustees. These principles also apply generally to all express trusts including trusts inter vivos although less rigidly so. It is from this general background in the foregoing that we can look at the dispositions made in the case above and further discuss their validity in light of the Law in force, recent legal decisions and the merits contained in the facts of each case.  £60,000 to my trustees to be distributed at their unfettered discretion amongst such of my good friends and colleagues who I have known at the various universities that I have worked for. The issues identified in this question is whether Aveline has created a valid inter vivos trust through a document executed under her hand purporting to transfer  £60,000 to her trustees for distribution to her good friends and colleagues who she had worked with at various universities. It is trite Law that for a trust to be validly constituted, it must be created with certainty of intention, have certainty of subject-matter and certainty of objects[5]. The subject matter of the trust must be property which is capable of being transferred. There is also a requirement that the subject matter of the trust must be something capable of being distributed among the beneficiaries and there should be no confusion as to how to distribute the trust property or who should benefit from its distribution. Finally, there must be an express act which shows that the Settlor intends to create an unconditional release by the Settlor of all future dominion and control over the property. O n application of the general principles regarding trusts above, we can see in this case that the subject-matter of the trust is certain and that the execution of the inter vivos document is a clear act which shows that Aveline intends to create a trust in favour of the beneficiaries named in the trust. For example, in the case Pennington v Waine (2002), the Court of Appeal held inter alia that the execution and delivery of share transfer forms to an intermediary for the purpose of registering a new owner created a valid transfer of an equitable interest. However, it is unclear from the wording of the trust document who her good friends and colleagues are or how much each should get as a share in the  £60,000 which is the subject matter of the trust. Legal decisions have confirmed that objects (beneficiaries) to a trust should not be vague and even though the Law will always try to give effect to the Settlorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wishes, Avelineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s description of who is to be the beneficiary of the trust is too vague too to constitute a valid disposition[6]. Even if there was any way to decide who her good friends and colleagues are, there is still a problem with how much each of the beneficiaries should get as shares in the money. This is an invalid disposition in the trust and would be incapable of execution by the trustees without further direction Re Baden[7]. One flat in London to be selected by Avelineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s daughter as an absolute gift for herself and the remaining flats to be sold and the proceeds of sale to be invested for a period of 21 years in order to provide a reasonable income for my two nieces. The main elements of a valid gift inter vivos are that there must be a valid intention to create a trust in favour of the beneficiary, there must be an actual delivery of the gift or subject matter to the beneficiary and finally, that the beneficiary must accept the gift as it was given. Although the element of delivery is less strictly applied in cases where the gift is made as part of transactions between families, there must be some overt act through which the intention to create the trust is shown. In this case Avelineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s execution of an inter vivos document satisfies the requirement for an overt act showing the intention to create the trust. The trust however starts to falter when Avelineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s daughter fails to select any of her flats in London before her death thereby making it impossible for her to have accepted the trust. Failure to accept the trust has the effect of causing the failure of this disposition to Avelineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s daugh ter. The remaining flats in London were to be sold and the proceeds from such sale are to be used to fund a trust to be held for 21 years to provide an income for Avelineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s two nieces. The size of this disposition is subject to any previous selection from Avelineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s daughter and since she made none, all the flats would now be sold under the operation of the inter vivos document. The rule perpetuities which seeks to limit the possibilities of Settlor continuing to exert too much influence over property after their death would not apply in this case as the trust was created in favour of Avelineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s nieces who are were alive at the same time as Aveline and her daughter and therefore able to enjoy the property without running foul of the rule[8]. The limitation in duration of this gift would therefore make the disposition valid[9]. The words, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a reasonable incomeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  also denotes a certainty in the subject matt er of the trust and that further validates this disposition Re Golay Morris v Bridgewater and Others[10]. A sum of  £200,000 to be distributed equally amongst my grandchildren, my nieces and nephews The intention is definitely evident with the execution of the inter vivos document but there is a bigger question when the wording of the document itself is construed in answer to the first issue on whether the intention was to create a trust or merely an absolute gift. There seems to be no intention from the wording to hold any part of this money in trust for the beneficiaries, rather, the intent seems to be that Avelineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s grandchildren, nieces and nephews are to have the subject matter distributed amongst them in equal shares without more. There is no intention to create a trust here and none of the words of the document seeks to create one in favour of any of the objects mentioned[11]. Gift of residuary estate to family members who in the opinion of the trustees deserved it. It is clear here that the executors are given the discretion to decide in whose favour to perform the trust and thereby identifying who may have recourse to the court in the event that the trustees does not fulfil the duty placed on them. Avelines failure to define clearly the members of her family may mean that the property can only be held on trust for the Settlor or all her remaining estate McPhail v Doulton (1971). The test in the foregoing case is whether it is possible to define with any certainty whether a person belongs to a group or class mentioned in a trust as a potential beneficiary. The criteria upon which the trustees are to base their decision itself is unclear as the determination of what constitutes a deserving beneficiary in this disposition would be exceedingly difficult to define. As this concept is too imprecise to give any certainty of objects, this disposition will fail See Re Baden (No 2) (1973). Confirming this view, the courts have held in R v District Auditor ex p West Yorkshire MC (1986) that if a testator chooses a wide class of people to be beneficiaries and if the trustees cannot effectively fulfil their duties even under a discretionary trust, the trust must fail. Gift to Valerie if the trustees fail to distribute trust amongst Avelineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s family It is valid practice to name alternative beneficiaries for each gift made to a primary beneficiary. This act is considered good practice and prudence as creating a gift to an alternative beneficiary in case the primary disposition fails, leaves nothing to chance[12]. In this Will, Aveline seems to have made a gift to an alternative beneficiary in the event that any of the primary gifts to any members of her family fails. Further investigation on the construction of the words making this disposition shows that this may not be the case. The literal interpretation of the will must be ascertained from the words used in the document itself and from the context in which they are used[13]. Upon this literal construction, the trustees seem not be under any duty to actually try to distribute any of the property to her family. However, there is an implied fiduciary duty to all trustees to carry out the intentions of the Settlor. Therefore, upon failure to disburse the estate to her family , Aveline has unequivocally instructed the estate to be given to her fried Valerie. There remains some issue with this trust. The extent of Avelineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s estate may be an unknown quantity and one which the Trustees would be unable to define as at the time the Will was executed. There are doubts as to the certainty of subject matter under this, and various legal decisions would call this disposition into doubt[14]. However, the decision of the Court of Appeal in Hunter v Moss seems to point an exception to the rule of certainty in situations where the property is an intangible asset. In this exception, the courts would give effect to the disposition despite the fact that there is no certainty of subject matter. This exception would not apply if the property was land. Therefore Valerieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s gift may be valid in some cases. Avelineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s disposition to Valerie would be valid if the estate was easily determinable and also if it can be shown that any other dispositions to Avelineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s family have failed. Bibliography Primary Sources Legislation Wills Act 1837 (c.26) Wills Act 1968 (A.C.T) Case Law MacJordan Construction v Brookmount [1992] BCLC 350. Paul v Constance (1977) Knight v Knight (1840), 3 Beav, 148, 49 ER 58 (Ch) See Palmer v Simmonds (1854) 2 Drew 221, HC Hancock v Watson [1902]AC 14, HL Re Wightwick [1950] 1 Ch 260 Thynn v Thynn (1684) Pennington v Waine (2002) Secondary Sources Books Wills, Trusts, and Estates By Jesse Dukeminier, Stanley M. Johanson Published by Aspen Law Business, 2000. Trusts and Equity By Richard Edwards, Nigel Stockwell Published by Pearson Education, 2005 A Simplified Guide to Creating a Personal Will, By Deborah Herman, Deborah Levine Herman, Robin L. Bodiford Published by John Wiley and Sons, 2003. Administration of Wills, Trusts, and Estates By Gordon W. Brown Published by Cengage Learning, 2002. Equity Trusts By Alastair Hudson Published by Routledge, 2001. 1 Footnotes [1] Wills, Trusts, and Estates By Jesse Dukeminier, Stanley M. Johanson Published by Aspen Law Business, 2000 pg 372 [2] Trusts and Equity By Richard Edwards, Nigel Stockwell Published by Pearson Education, 2005 [3] MacJordan Construction v Brookmount [1992] BCLC 350. [4] Paul v Constance (1977) [5] Knight v Knight (1840), 3 Beav, 148, 49 ER 58 (Ch) [6] See Palmer v Simmonds (1854) 2 Drew 221, HC [7] [1973] Ch.9 [8] Hancock v Watson [1902]AC 14, HL [9] Re Wightwick [1950] 1 Ch 260 [10] [1965] 2 All ER 660, HC [11] Thynn v Thynn (1684) [12] A Simplified Guide to Creating a Personal Will, By Deborah Herman, Deborah Levine Herman, Robin L. Bodiford Published by John Wiley and Sons, 2003 page 29 [13] Administration of Wills, Trusts, and Estates By Gordon W. Brown Published by Cengage Learning, 2002 [14] Equity Trusts By Alastair Hudson Published by Routledge, 2001 pg 75

The Dangers Of Alzheimer s Disease - 946 Words

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Air BnB stakeholder analysis Free Essays

Real-time data Is often used for navigation or tracking. Continental use real-time data also for flight statistics (where the most valuable customers are while In flight, which ones are affected by delays and cancellations), to support Lorene security efforts, crew scheduling, crew performance, fraud detection and so on. The goal with the real-time warehousing was therefore to solve all those problems and get happy and loyal customers and employees. We will write a custom essay sample on Air BnB stakeholder analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of the goals are listed below: Give employees fast information about the business and customers Flight on time Take all of the baggage to final destination Easy booking, no overbooking – Increase services What have been shown is that the real-time Blob hasn’t Just improved and completed all of the goals, Continental has even started to use the system in much broader perspective. Make a list of most valuable customers, get knowledge about their trips, what they prefer, if they got good service and if something happening with them in the real-time and in that case give them right and direct service without them to need to ask for it. Customer facing’, near and personal contact with customers example: personal letter and so on) Improve of security because of comparing data in real-time with help of the system, helped FBI with searching after possible terrorists. It also helps to track people who try to track the system. Be almost always on time because of special booking processes, use all capacity of the plains, be always updating about price changes and act from there. Con tinental has invested approximately $30 million Into real-time warehousing over the last six years. Of this amount, $20 million was for hardware and software expenses, and $10 million for personnel costs. Although this Investment Is significant, the quantifiable benefits from real-time warehousing are magnitudes larger. Specifically, over the last six years, Continental has realized over $500 million In Increased revenues and cost savings, resulting In a ROI of over 1,000 percent. The data warehousing group made some Important Improvements. They developed a warehouse architecture that could grow and scalar to meet these real-time and operational need, developed prototypes to show potential end users, to get them excited about data warehousing and to give them ideas about new applications that here was business benefits for each application. They also made that data warehouse operates consistent with organizational culture. The warehouse proved employees with different information so that they can do they Job better and faster. All that changes lead that new project was successful. Elements of the data warehousing environment at Continental which are necessary to support and extensive end-user Blob application development are: Data exist in the data warehouse from sources that are trusted by end users Help from data warehousing staff is readily available and friendly Metadata is kept current and is easily accessible by end users via the web Users have access to and are trained in tools to access and manipulate data Graphics are used, when appropriate, for data display, making it easier for users to understand and interpret the complicated data being presented Special issues about data warehouse management: Date and time management is amplified because of the finer granularity of data Customized views significantly improve query performance and reduce the load on the data warehouse With the extensive number of on-line, real-time users, views also revived an extra level of security against access to unauthorized data Data loads come in via many different routes a nd methods, so generalize components to handle data loading are used to save the effort of starting from scratch to develop each new loading process The large volume of constant data loading means that it is not humanly possible to watchful TTL processes, so automated watchdog applications are used to alert data warehouse staff via pagers when their attention is needed for some anomaly Data for loading are put into standardized queues, from which pre- Ritter load utilities pull data for loading into the data warehouse, no matter what the source of the data are There are data loads, tactical queries and strategic queries, each with different patterns of data warehouse use, specific priorities are given to the different types of loads against the warehouse. Priorities also change by type of day. Higher priority is given to queries that require the fewest data warehouse processing resources. I learned ten specific lessons are outlines in the Lessons Learned section. These lessons can b e applied to the development of real-time data warehousing in any organization. Blab Britain How to cite Air BnB stakeholder analysis, Papers

The Environment Essay Example For Students

The Environment Essay An environment is a place that everyone is acquainted with as it is mentioned on television, newspaper and soon. In simpler term, it means the surrounding in which living organism lives. The environment consists of both the physical and biotic environment. Man and the environment cannot be separated because they both have a close relationship which affects the social life of man.   It is paramount to know more about it since it is a beauty and it is the only home for man which provides food, air, and other important needs. Outline1   Environment essay example 12 Environment essay example 23 Environment essay example 34 Environment essay example 4   Environment essay example 1 The environment is the main reason for the occurrence of life on earth and calls for the conservation of the planet. The environment is important for the survival of all form of the living organism most especially man which is why this topic is of paramount importance. The role of the environment to a human being in the present and future necessitates the conservation of the environment to ensure that the environment doesn’t turn into a devastating place for human wellbeing and also have great advantages for other living organisms. Since we only have one environment which cannot be replaced or created and this environment is facing global warming, pestilence, industrialization, chaos, social problem, deforestation and all sort of pollution. Students and another member of society should know the importance of protecting and conserving the environment.   Environmental conservation is therefore of grief important for the continued existence of human and another living organism likewise the natural resources. Environment essay example 2 We will write a custom essay on The Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The environment is the natural surrounding which has an influence on every living thing. It is big and made up of the  atmosphere which is the mixture of gases and suspended particles which surrounds the earth.   The earth atmosphere is made up of about 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, 0.9 percent argon, with carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases, biosphere which is called the biotic component of the environment. The biosphere consists of the living organisms which are plants, animals, microorganisms and soon, lithosphere which is the outer solid or shell of the earth and finally the hydrosphere which consists of the entire water in the planet earth. These are water found in the air, underground and on the surface of the environment. There are benefits in the conservation of the environment which could be good health for man and animals, good soil leading to better yields of crops and soon. Therefore awareness should be made for the conservation of the environment t o stop every abnormal irresponsible activity carry out which might be of harm to the environment. Environmental Conservation is a universal term that defines anything we do to safeguard our planet and ensure the conservation its natural resources so the living organism can continually survive and maintain life. Environmental conservation is meant to protect the environment against the abnormal not responsible habits of corporation and business organizations. Environment essay example 3 In English, Environment can simply be defined as everything which can be seen around us from the air to the water, living creature, natural substances, and land. The environment is basically the living and non-living things. There will be no life on earth if not for the environment. The environment is essential for our healthy life, and all elements must be taken care of to ensure the survival of all living creature. The trees, the oceans, and the soil are important for our survival and must be taken care of to ensure their continuous use. People and conservationist should dedicate their time and effort into protecting them. 5th of June is the world environment day which is a campaign set in order to disperse the need for environmental safety and cleanliness. Argumentative discussions have been made all over the world environmental conservation, but this should be enforced. Afforestation should be made compulsory, and it has a whole lot of advantages because this helps in supplying m ore source of food for both man and animal, restoration of wildlife, increase research into plant and other natural substances with medicinal activities, soils will also be protected from bad weather which could make the soil lose it value and also save the human life from excess amount of carbon dioxide and making human being live a healthy and long life. It could also increase the quality of the soil when the leaves drop and decomposes forming manure to the soil which allows more plants to grow resulting in better air quality and beautification of the environment and land as a whole. The use of less or alternative energy sources by households, companies and other organization would help protect the environment and in turn protect the living organism.   Solar energy and wind power are two alternative energy which is renewable with little disadvantage associated with its use and can be used instead of burning fossil fuels and electricity in which a huge amount of energy is expende d. This can be done by making changes to our daily activities which will conserve energy and make sure less energy is expended in any activity carried out. For example unplug any unused appliances, plant trees to stop the use of air conditioner, the computer should be switched off when not in use, replace old bulb with efficient light bulbs and soon. Environmental conservation is a title of extensive concern, and it gives us an idea of how to go on with daily activities to protect nature. .u043973bafaa7e5f27f259612058a7b6f , .u043973bafaa7e5f27f259612058a7b6f .postImageUrl , .u043973bafaa7e5f27f259612058a7b6f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u043973bafaa7e5f27f259612058a7b6f , .u043973bafaa7e5f27f259612058a7b6f:hover , .u043973bafaa7e5f27f259612058a7b6f:visited , .u043973bafaa7e5f27f259612058a7b6f:active { border:0!important; } .u043973bafaa7e5f27f259612058a7b6f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u043973bafaa7e5f27f259612058a7b6f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u043973bafaa7e5f27f259612058a7b6f:active , .u043973bafaa7e5f27f259612058a7b6f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u043973bafaa7e5f27f259612058a7b6f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u043973bafaa7e5f27f259612058a7b6f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u043973bafaa7e5f27f259612058a7b6f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u043973bafaa7e5f27f259612058a7b6f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u043973bafaa7e5f27f259612058a7b6f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u043973bafaa7e5f27f259612058a7b6f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u043973bafaa7e5f27f259612058a7b6f .u043973bafaa7e5f27f259612058a7b6f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u043973bafaa7e5f27f259612058a7b6f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Internet, Extranet, Email in companies EssayEnvironment essay example 4   Ã‚  Ã‚  The environment is the natural world in which an organism has to thrive or maintain its life. It affects the growth and development of a living organism. The environment has the following benefits For healthy life – Free air which is devoid of pollution, clean water which is not contaminated and a clean surrounding are essential for a healthy life. Any pollution in the form of degradation to the water, air, and surrounding could be detrimental to the health of human being. Better soil and more productive plants – The soil is an essential part of the environment which is important for the growth of plants. These plants are in turn used as food for both man and animals. For the production of shelter, clothing, and furniture – Materials needed for the building of houses, production of cloth and furniture are obtained from a plant, animals and natural substances which are found in our surroundings. For the production of food – Food substances and products are obtained from plants and animals and other natural resources. In a nutshell, the environment is vital for the grown of plants and rearing of animals which is the best way in which food   can be produced For the production of medicine – Medicinal substances can be obtained from natural substances like plants and animals which are produced by the environment. Technological advancement and Environmental pollution have caused a great deterioration in the environment, and we have water, air, soil, and sound pollution. Take note of every part of the environment which includes trees, ocean, and soils. The big trees help in holding the soil in position and helps a human being in breathing by the release of oxygen also helps filter gases that might cause the earth to heat up.   The tree also acts as a filter to the water absorbed by the soil. Trees are also essential for the water cycle.   The ocean serves as a habitat for aquatic animal and plants. It also serves as a life source because more than half of the earth oxygen is obtained from the ocean and stores huge amounts of carbon dioxide to help maintain the temperature of the earth at an optimum level. The soil is also very important because without the soil it will be difficult for both animal and man to feed which is due to the fact that good soil produces good productive crops which m an and animal feed on to ensure growth and development. Plants and flowers which regulate the climate grow from the soil. Surface water may not be fit for human consumption, but the soil helps filter the underground water and makes it fit for human consumption. Protect the environment by using less energy and alternative energy sources and help to replenish what is being taken away by giving back to the Earth. College all over the world should educate people on the importance of environmental conservation. The environment should be preserved and conserved to ensure a better and reliable future.

Free Essays on Rembrandt

Rembrandt's style, subject matter and his financial success changed drastically from the Leiden period to his first Amsterdam period, and eventually to his later works. Prior to his arrival in Amsterdam in approximately 1631, Rembrandt’s influences had been his instructor Lastman, his studio mate Lievens, Titian and Caravaggio - indirectly through the school of Utrecht. Rembrandt learned the device of creating chiaroscuro scenes by his professor, but he surpassed the technical skill of Lastman by means of incorporating reflected light. Rembrandt moved from Leiden to Amsterdam during a time of vast economical growth in the capital due to the expansion of the United East Indiies Company. This growth increased Amsterdam’s population to over 90,000 which became one reason for the project to reclaim land that had been eroded into the sea. Rembrandt could not have chosen a better time to move to the capital. Amsterdam had become one of Northern Europe's leading Art communities. Within one year Rembrandt had already acquired a reputation as a well known portraitist. Rembrandt’s first portraits struck a balance between liveliness and elegance, in addition to fanatical detail, and this novel combination brought him instant business. It was during his first decade in Amsterdam when Rembrandt was commissioned most often by businessmen as well as significant figures from various religious groups and organizations. As Rembrandt’s career flourished he attracted many assistants and pupils as he did wit h Dou and Jouderville in Leiden. By 1636 Rembrandt had captured a huge share of Amsterdam’s market for portraiture, received commissions from the court in the Hague, set up an active workshop, married a burgomaster’s daughter and moved to a prestigious address. An example of one of Rembrandt’s commissioned portraits during this early period is Old Man in a Gorget and Black Cap, 1631, located at The Museum of Fine Arts, Bo... Free Essays on Rembrandt Free Essays on Rembrandt Rembrandt's style, subject matter and his financial success changed drastically from the Leiden period to his first Amsterdam period, and eventually to his later works. Prior to his arrival in Amsterdam in approximately 1631, Rembrandt’s influences had been his instructor Lastman, his studio mate Lievens, Titian and Caravaggio - indirectly through the school of Utrecht. Rembrandt learned the device of creating chiaroscuro scenes by his professor, but he surpassed the technical skill of Lastman by means of incorporating reflected light. Rembrandt moved from Leiden to Amsterdam during a time of vast economical growth in the capital due to the expansion of the United East Indiies Company. This growth increased Amsterdam’s population to over 90,000 which became one reason for the project to reclaim land that had been eroded into the sea. Rembrandt could not have chosen a better time to move to the capital. Amsterdam had become one of Northern Europe's leading Art communities. Within one year Rembrandt had already acquired a reputation as a well known portraitist. Rembrandt’s first portraits struck a balance between liveliness and elegance, in addition to fanatical detail, and this novel combination brought him instant business. It was during his first decade in Amsterdam when Rembrandt was commissioned most often by businessmen as well as significant figures from various religious groups and organizations. As Rembrandt’s career flourished he attracted many assistants and pupils as he did wit h Dou and Jouderville in Leiden. By 1636 Rembrandt had captured a huge share of Amsterdam’s market for portraiture, received commissions from the court in the Hague, set up an active workshop, married a burgomaster’s daughter and moved to a prestigious address. An example of one of Rembrandt’s commissioned portraits during this early period is Old Man in a Gorget and Black Cap, 1631, located at The Museum of Fine Arts, Bo...

Study Skills For English Language Beginners

Study Skills For English Language Beginners Learning any language takes practice - lots of practice! Often, its difficult to know what you should practice. Should you watch a video? Perhaps, it would be a good idea to do a few quizzes. Of course, you should try to speak English with your friends. All of these are great ideas, but its also important to build a routine. A routine will help you make studying English a habit. Thats the best way to improve your English! Make Learning a Habit Its important to be exposed to many different areas every day. However, you shouldnt try to study too many different subjects. These suggestions take a short listening and reading as the basis for daily practice. You are trying to learn many new things, so dont try to learn too much in any one area too quickly! Listen - 10 Minutes There are a number of beginning level listening selections that you can use on this site. Books written for children are also a great idea. Here are some suggestions for free childrens books that you can listen to on your computer: Read - 10 Minutes Choose a subject you like to read about and read for fun. You can find beginning level reading here on the site. These sites also offer easy English reading selections. Simple English NewsEasy English Times Improve your Vocabulary - 5 Minutes Take five minutes to write down all the new words you find in your listening and reading exercises. Keep a notebook, and write in the translation in your native language. Grammar - 5 - 10 Minutes Think about what you are studying in English class (if you are taking it). Or, if you are studying by yourself, take out your grammar book and find one grammar point to review. You can also use the beginner grammar resources at this site. Take a quick look at the grammar and then think about the listening and your reading. Did you hear or read these forms? How were they used? Speaking - 5 Minutes It is very important to move your mouth and speak! Even if you only speak to yourself. Take five minutes and speak out loud (not silently). Try to quickly summarize what you listened to and what you read. Can you do it? Of course, its better if you can do this with a friend. Find a friend and study together a few times a week. You can practice together. Thats it! Approximately thirty minutes a day, every day - or at least four times a week! If you continue to do this, you will be surprised at how quickly your English improves! Of course, there are much more ways to improve your English. However, make a habit of doing these simple exercises at least four times a week. When you have questions come to this site and use the beginning English resources, or use your grammar book. Watch a video online, try to use English in every way you can - even if the language is too difficult.

No chosen yet (sociology) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

No chosen yet (sociology) - Essay Example Oneida community is a religious commune founded in 1848 by John Humphrey Noyes. This organization practices communalism where the members practice communal labor in which men and women have to work together and become an engaging community. Not only labor did members come together but in almost any occasions. Members likewise participate in enjoyment and self improvement thus they are not left in solitude. How the community worked and lived together in a â€Å"Mansion House† painted an unusual picture of a rich and happy community. Complex marriage is also practiced where in men are married to every women and women are married to every men. Other practices of the community include mutual criticism and ascending Fellowship. After many years of existence, the community later transformed into a capitalist enterprise known as the Oneida community, Ltd. (Olin, 1). Today, Oneida’s â€Å"Mansion House† serves as a tourist attraction. The Church of Scientology is another organization founded by Lon Hubbard with the goal to promote scientology. Under the organization are several separate incorporations with their own local boards, executives and directors responsible for the activities of each corporate and ecclesiastical. Members are taught that people are immortal spiritual being who have forgotten their own nature. In addition to this teaching, the organization believes that the experience of man could be extended beyond a single lifetime with unlimited capabilities. Thus they believe that events in the past affect the present limitations. Furthermore, they consider that man is good who seek to survive. However, his survival depends on him, his fellows, and his attainment of brotherhood in the universe. They also practice giving study materials and auditing course but with a corresponding donations. Just like Oneida, the Church of Scientology has its own controversy. Many believed that it operates as a cult and as a commercial enterprise. The Mor mons is founded by Joseph Smith in 1820. The name Mormons refer to the followers and their religion Mormonism. This cultural group is a form of Christian primitivism where other small independent denominations were based. The movement seeks maintain doctrines that supports the practice of polygamy. The members share a common belief with the Latter day Saint movement where they adopt teachings from the Bible especially the old testament, other religious texts, Books of Mormons, doctrines and covenants. The movement also accepts the Pearl of Great Price as part of their canon. Mormons believe in the Living Christ and the importance of eternal marriage. The Jehovah witness is founded by Charles Taze Russell in 1870’s with members that is over 18 millions. Jehovah base their teachings solely from the Bible however they have they own translation that they prefer to use. They believe in the destruction of the earth which they refer to as Armageddon. They claim that the only solutio n to all problems of human kind would be the establishment of the Kingdom of God. Jehovah witnesses are known for several activities. They are the religious group distributing The Watchtower and Awake magazines. They are known for their door to door teaching of their translated Bible, the New World translation of the Holy Scriptures, and are known not to accept military services and blood donation and transfusion. These religious organizations become a sociological interest because some of their practices are considered bizarre by